Animals in the United States

Eastern Coral Snake

Common Name: Eastern Coral Snake Scientific Name: Micrurus fulvius Average Life Span In Captivity: Up to 7 years Size relative to a 6-ft man: IUCN Red List Status:? Least concern

Least Concern Extinct

Current Population Trend: Stable

A bite from the notoriously venomous eastern coral snake at first seems anticlimactic.

Venom

There is little or no pain or swelling at the site of the bite, and other symptoms can be delayed for 12 hours. However, if untreated by antivenin, the neurotoxin begins to disrupt the connections between the brain and the muscles, causing slurred speech, double vision, and muscular paralysis, eventually ending in respiratory or cardiac failure.

This iconic snake, with its bulbous head and red, yellow, and black bands, is famous as much for its potent venom as for the many rhymes—"Red and yellow, kill a fellow; red and black, friend of Jack"—penned to distinguish it from similarly patterned, nonvenomous copycats, such as the scarlet king snake.

Behavior and Habitat

Coral snakes are extremely reclusive and generally bite humans only when handled or stepped on. They must literally chew on their victim to inject their venom fully, so most bites to humans don't result in death. In fact, no deaths from coral snake bites have been reported in the U.S. Since an antivenin was released in 1967.

Eastern coral snakes are relatives of the cobra, mamba, and sea snake. They live in the wooded, sandy, and marshy areas of the southeastern United States, and spend most of their lives burrowed underground or in leaf piles.

They eat lizards, frogs, and smaller snakes, including other coral snakes. Baby snakes emerge from their eggs 7 inches long and fully venomous. Adults reach about 2 feet in length. Average lifespan in the wild is unknown, but they can live up to seven years in captivity.

What Is The Biggest Snake In The World?

Snakes can grow to colossal sizes, although some reports have long been exaggerated.

The largest snakes in the world belong to the python and boa families. Which family contains the biggest depends on whether you are measuring these reptiles by weight or length.

While man-eating snakes are exceptionally rare (although it has been known to happen), there are some truly huge reptile species slithering about on our planet.

What is the longest snake in the world?

Reticulated pythons are the longest snakes in the world. They are native to southeast Asia © Opayaza12/ Shutterstock 

The reticulated python (Malayopython reticulatus) is the longest snake in the world, regularly reaching over 6.25 metres in length. It is the longest of the 39 species in the family Pythonidae. 

The longest reticulated python ever recorded was found in 1912 and measured in at a staggering 10 metres - that's more than half the length of a bowling lane and makes this snake longer than a giraffe is tall.

Reticulated pythons live in southeast Asia and while they are typically found in rainforests, woodland and grasslands, their habitat preference seems to depend on their location. In Myanmar, these non-venomous snakes have only been found in pristine forest, whereas in Singapore, Indonesia and Malaysian Borneo they've also been recorded in sewers. 

Reticulated pythons hatch at about 60 centimetres long, but grow to huge sizes in their lifetime. © Ralfa Padantya/ Shutterstock 

Reticulated pythons are known to climb trees by firmly wrapping their bodies around the trunks and using muscular upward force.

The longest and heaviest snake to ever be held in captivity was a female reticulated python called Medusa. Held in the USA, Medusa reached 7.67 metres long and weighed 158.8 kilograms.

Green anacondas (Eunectes murinus) are also exceptionally long snakes. But they have also been subject to exaggerated length measurements in the past, with snakes of over 24 metres allegedly sighted. In reality, the green anaconda rarely exceeds 6.25 metres.

The longest venomous snake

King cobras are the longest venomous snakes in the world. This one is showing off its length in a raised, defensive posture. © Jolly Therattil/ Shutterstock 

The king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) is the world's longest venomous snake.

In 1937, a 5.54-metre-long king cobra was found in Negeri Sembilan state on the Malay Peninsula. Captured and kept at London Zoo, it eventually grew to 5.71 metres. But this huge snake was killed at the outbreak of the Second World War, to avoid putting the public in danger should the zoo be bombed and the snake escape.

Over five metres is unusual for king cobras, although even their average length of 3.7-4.6 metres makes them large animals.

These snakes best show off their length when they're feeling defensive or need to see above tall grass or bushes.

They will raise the front of their body up to about one metre off the ground and can even chase threats while in this posture. As an additional scare tactic, they will hiss and flatten their neck ribs into a hood, giving them the classic cobra shape.

A Museum worker holds a king cobra specimen in the 1930s. It is thought that the specimen may have just arrived at the Museum when this photo was taken. Discover more about our amphibian and reptile collections.  

These snakes generally prefer to flee than fight, however.

King cobras are found in south and southeast Asia in a variety of habitats including forests, mangrove swamps and some agricultural land with remnants of woodland. They're also competent swimmers.

However, they are generally uncommon in any of the areas they inhabit, with the exception of some forested areas in Thailand.

King cobras are listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. In parts of their range, they have faced population declines of over 80% in 10 years due to habitat loss and exploitation, such as being harvested for its skin, food and medicinal purposes.

Find out more about the global trade in wild animals. 

The longest sea snake

Growing up to 2.75 metres long, the yellow sea snake (Hydrophis spiralis) is the longest species of sea snake. Most specimens that have been collected are less than two metres long, however.

The yellow sea snake lives in the northern Indian Ocean and around parts of southeast Asia, as well as being seen near New Caledonia in the southwest Pacific Ocean.

All sea snakes, including the yellow sea snake, have paddle-like tails to help them move through the water. This is the tail of a yellow-bellied sea snake. © NickEvansKZN/ Shutterstock 

Relatively little is known about these sea snakes. There have been records of the species at up to 50 metres below the surface and it is generally found over muddy sandy bottoms, feeding on eels.

What is the heaviest snake in the world?

Green anacondas are the heaviest snakes in the world. Their size has been exaggerated in the past, however. © LABETAA Andre/ Shutterstock 

Green anacondas are the heaviest snakes in the world. The heaviest anaconda ever recorded was 227 kilograms. This massive snake was 8.43 metres long, with a girth of 1.11 metres.

While the reticulated python is longer, it's also slender. Anacondas are bulky. It's estimated that a 5.2-metre-long anaconda would weigh about the same as a 7.3-metre-long reticulated python. 

Anacondas spend most of their time in water, and have eyes and nostrils on the top of their head © Danny Ye/ Shutterstock  

Green anacondas are non-venomous, solitary and found in South America and Trinidad. They spend most of their time in water, usually in swamps, marshes, slow streams and rivers. Because of this, the nostrils and eyes have evolved to be on top of the head, rather than to the sides, so that the snake can breathe and see prey and predators above water while its large body is kept submerged.

These snakes have a varied diet, from turtles and fish to peccaries, deer, capybaras (the world's largest rodent), and even jaguars on rare occasions. Anacondas belong to the boa family and use their long, muscular bodies to constrict their prey. 

A large anaconda is lifted out of a case on arrival at the New York Zoological Park (now the Bronx Zoo) in 1912 . Image: Internet Archive Book Images via Flickr

Although 'anaconda' is often used to refer to green anacondas, there are actually three other species that are all marginally smaller: the Bolivian anaconda (Eunectes beniensis), dark-spotted anaconda (Eunectes deschauenseei) and the yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus). They are all found in South America.

The heaviest venomous snake

Eastern diamondback rattlesnakes are heaviest venomous snakes in the world © Chase D'animulls/ Shutterstock 

The eastern diamondback (Crotalus adamanteus) is a rattlesnake and thought to be the world's heaviest venomous snake, with a particularly massive 2.56-metre individual tipping the scales at 15 kilograms.

Typically, the eastern diamondback reaches 5.5-6.8 kilograms and 1.5-1.8 metres long, however.

Found in southeastern USA, this snake prefers flatwoods, coastal forests and scrubland habitats. It isn't often found in wet areas, although it's a confident swimmer, occasionally seen in swamps and between barrier reefs. 

Rattlesnakes are named for the rattle at the ends of their tails. This structure is made up of interlocking hollow segments. The snakes rapidly vibrate their tails, creating a rattling noise and used as a warning to potential predators. © Chase D'animulls/ Shutterstock 

Adult eastern diamondbacks dine on small mammals, such as rabbits and squirrels, and small birds, while the young eat rats and mice. They strike their prey with a venom-filled bite, before letting it crawl away and die, at which point the snake eats it.

The Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica), is another large snake, but it doesn't get quite as heavy as the eastern diamondback rattlesnake. A particularly long individual of 1.83 metres did weigh in at 11.34 kilograms, however.  

Gaboon vipers are the snake species with the longest fangs

While they aren't generally as heavy as the eastern diamondback, Gaboon vipers have fangs which are the longest of any snake at 55 millimetres. They also have the highest yield of venom, carrying up to 600 milligrams at a time.

What was the largest snake ever found?

Described in 2009, Titanoboa cerrejonensis has long been considered the largest snake to ever exist. It lived 60–58 million years ago in what's now Colombia.

At over 11 centimetres wide, the fossil backbones, or vertebrae, are huge.  By comparing them with the vertebrae of Titanoboa's modern relatives, scientists can estimate the size of the giant prehistoric boas. They conclude they grew to around 13 metres long and weighed about 1,135 kilogrammes. This makes Titanoboa some three metres longer and five times heavier than any snake species living today.

Some skull material believed to belong to Titanoboa has also been found, but scientists haven't published a description yet.

There's debate over whether Titanoboa fossils can tell us what the snake's prehistoric environment was like. For some researchers, its size indicates that it lived in areas reaching 30–34°C. Other scientists disagree, noting that this estimate conflicts with other calculations that predict a climate several degrees cooler.

In 2024, scientists announced another record-breaking fossil snake. Vasuki indicus was found in western India and lived around 47 million years ago. It's estimated to have been 11–15 metres long. Rather than being a boa or python like today's largest snakes, this new species may have belonged to a mysterious extinct family called Madtsoiidae.

This finding suggests that V. Indicus may in fact be longer than Titanoboa. But researchers have urged caution over officially crowning the new species as the longest snake ever found due to differences in how the total length was calculated. 

Flying Snakes

Common Name: Flying Snakes Scientific Name: Chrysopelea Size relative to a 6-ft man:

The image of airborne snakes may seem like the stuff of nightmares (or a certain Hollywood movie), but in the jungles of South and Southeast Asia it is reality.

In the Air

Flying snake is a misnomer, since, barring a strong updraft, these animals can't actually gain altitude. They're gliders, using the speed of free fall and contortions of their bodies to catch the air and generate lift.

Once thought to be more parachuters than gliders, recent scientific studies have revealed intricate details about how these limbless, tube-shaped creatures turn plummeting into piloting. To prepare for take-off, a flying snake will slither to the end of a branch, and dangle in a J shape. It propels itself from the branch with the lower half of its body, forms quickly into an S, and flattens to about twice its normal width, giving its normally round body a concave C shape, which can trap air. By undulating back and forth, the snake can actually make turns. Flying snakes are technically better gliders than their more popular mammalian equivalents, the flying squirrels.

Scientists don't know how often or exactly why flying snakes fly, but it's likely they use their aerobatics to escape predators, to move from tree to tree without having to descend to the forest floor, and possibly even to hunt prey.

Population

There are five recognized species of flying snake, found from western India to the Indonesian archipelago. Knowledge of their behavior in the wild is limited, but they are thought to be highly arboreal, rarely descending from the canopy. The smallest species reach about 2 feet in length and the largest grow to 4 feet.

Diet

Their diets are variable depending on their range, but they are known to eat rodents, lizards, frogs, birds, and bats. They are mildly venomous snakes, but their tiny, fixed rear fangs make them harmless to humans.

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